Homework on Stale Blocks

  1. The network decides which of the two miners’ blocks to continue with, the shortest and less difficult being dropped/orphaned to a stale block.
  2. A stale block is a valid block that is dropped or orphaned because other nodes chose to accept another version of the truth and use that truth for the next linkage of blocks.
  3. When two miners produce blocks that compete, the next miner can come along and start building on one of the blocks (longest chain wins). The block that gets added and accepted by most of the network, beats out the other one and the lost block gets dropped/orphaned.
  4. It is important to wait because while a block might be valid, it is possible that the transactions on the block doesn’t fully get confirmed/go through, and gets sent back to the mempool.
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  1. The chain will fork into 2 valid chains. Next a miner will pick the closest one for him to append a block. At the end, the one that wasn’t selected will be invalidated and all the transactions will be placed back into the mempool.
  2. Orphaned block that was unable to be accepted by the nodes as a longer blockchain became the main one.
  3. When 2 blocks are mined in the same time by different miners.
  4. Because it may happen that your transactions was part of a Stale/Orphaned block which will invalidate your transaction. You have to wait and make sure that you are part of the longest POW chain
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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?

A: When two miners solve a block at the same time, both of their new blocks are propagated to the network and the miners attempting to mine the next block may have differentiating information that inclines them to start mining off of both of the blocks, the block that is built upon next (of the two originally produced at the same time) will be the block that becomes appended to the blockchain and the blockchain will continue to be built upon from that block onwards.
The way this happens is if the miner of the next block, correctly submits the solution and bases his formula off one of the blocks.
The network will always turn in favour of the most Proof of Work.

  1. What is a stale block?

A: A stale block is a once validated block, that was competing with another validated block and wasn’t successful at having the next block mined through basing it upon the structure of that block (nonce, prev hash, tx list/data etc). Once this happens, all the tx’s on the stale block will be rejected and returned to the mempool, in order to be added to the next successful block.

  1. How do stale blocks occur?

A: Stale blocks occur when there are multiple blocks mined at approximately the same time, and end up competing to be appended permanently to the blockchain. The competition lies in the speed of data propagation to the nodes, and then the next successful miner choosing to mine from the data of their block and is successful in providing the solution to the cryptographic puzzle first, in turn creating the longest chain.
The unsuccessful block that originated in the competing two, will be rejected and dropped from the blockchain, giving it the moniker “Stale block”.

  1. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?

A: It is important to wait for one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction because there could be a scenario where there are two competing blocks, and there is risk if your transaction is within the block that becomes stale.

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  1. both blocks will have the “truth”, but the it will be eventually just one that it is in the longest blockchain, so that the one in the sorter one it will be eventually drop down and moved to the mempool.
  2. it is a block that it was on the blockchain, but it was not in the longer blockchain, it was removed to the mempool.
  3. when 2 miners has achived the nounce at the same time, both were propagated on different nodes of the blockchain, but with time, one of the become removed because it was no the longer blockchain.
  4. because if it is the case that 2 miners has arrived to the a valid nounce number, we need to wait to be confirmed at least 6 confirmations, that this same one it was in the longer blockchain.
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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    A. At the end of the chain it will split causing a fork. After that, it’s a race between the the two miners on which who can keep the chain going.

  2. What is a stale block?
    A. Stale blocks are blocks that was apart of the blockchain of that eventually got dropped from the blockchain. Stale blcks are often referred to as orphaned block as well.

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    A. Stale blocks occurs when 1 of the two blockchain fails to manage the continuation of the chain when a split/fork occurs. So therefore all of the blocks of the shortest chain will drop and become orphaned block, leaving them as stale blocks.

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    A. It will prevent the likelihood of producing stale blocks.

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    Once will be eliminated when the other one’s block continuously established.

  2. What is a stale block?
    It’s an Orphan block just needs reestablish itself.

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    Miner’s time different creates stale block when the once come late.

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    To finally confirm transaction accepted by the blockchain network not to become the stale.

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    When two miners solve a block at the same time the miners will continue working on the next block. Depending on location, there will be two different block chains. Whichever block is chosen by chance will be the next block. The information between the two blocks will be accurate, but the next block continued on one chain only.

  2. What is a stale block?
    A stale block is a block that was not chosen by network to continue building upon. The information goes back into the mempool to be gathered and chosen again. There will be a total of six confirmations needed for safe confirmation on the block chain.

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    Stale blocks occur by miners choosing a different block that was just as correct as the other. The longest block chain is the chain that is deemed correct on the bitcoin network. The ten-minute time window is very important, so blocks are continuing to be connected and confirmed.

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    A total of six blocks is a safe number of blocks for the block chain to be accurate. Accuracy and transaction history is very important to the network.

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?

Both get blocks.

  1. What is a stale block?

A block on a chain shorter than other chains. It will be dropped.

  1. How do stale blocks occur?

When multiple blocks are created at or near the same time they begin to propagate across the network. The block that is used to create the longest chain, ie is picked up by more nodes win and the other blocks are dropped or become stale.

  1. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?

To ensure the bock containing the transaction is not dropped.

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1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
Both will get appended to the network and it creates two branches like a temporary fork, the next miners will determine the longevity of these , one fork (the shorter one with less POW will eventually get dropped).

2. What is a stale block?
An abandoned block that gets returned to the mempool.

3. How do stale blocks occur?
When 2 miners mine a valid block at approximately the same time.

4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
It’s important to wait to confirm that it is not a stale block, it’s recommended to wait for six confirmations.

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  1. Both blocks are appended to the block chain.

  2. A block that is dropped from the block chain.

  3. When two miners solve a block at the same time and then one of the blocks is appended with a another block, thus making the block chain longer.

4.Because your transaction can be dropped with the stale block.

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What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
Both will be added to the blockchain and there will be 2 versions. And then when a third miner adds their block to one of the miners blockchain, then that will be the longer one, so the other one will be rejected. And then there will be only one version.

What is a stale block?
A block that once was on the blockchain but got rejected as it wasn’t the longer one.

How do stale blocks occur?
When two miners solve a block at the same time both will be added to the blockchain and there will be 2 versions. And then when a third miner adds their block to one of the miners blockchain, then that will be the longer one, so the other one will be rejected and returned to the mempool.

Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
Since the transaction is not 100% confirmed after just 1 block it is recommended to wait for 6 more blocks to be mined before being sure a certain transaction has occurred.

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    The chain splits into two chain since both were valid blocks.
  2. What is a stale block?
    The block of the shortest chain after the split mentioned above. Transactions in the stale block will be moved back to the mempool
  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    After a split. Its the block with the shorthest chain because the ‘other’ chain was picked up by miners and used to propagate the next block…
  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    To ensure which block chain line will be the surviving one in the case of stale blocks.
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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?

A fork occurs. Some nodes have “A” as the newest block while others have “B” as the newest block.

  1. What is a stale block?
    and
  2. How do stale blocks occur?

When there is a fork and one of the blockchains becomes longer than the other blockchain then the nodes will always choose the longer blockchain and disregard the other. The blocks that were disregarded are called stale blocks. These are blocks that are no longer accepted on the blockchain. They will be sent back to the Mempool.

  1. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?

It is important because if you spend a UTXO that was on the newest block of the blockchain it could become a stale block if there is a fork with another longer blockchain variation. If this happens your transaction will be denied by all the nodes. It’s best to wait for at least six new blocks to be confirmed after the block with your UTXO. This will make the chances of there being a fork with your UTXO on the losing blockchain very unlikely.

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  1. The chain forks temporarily
  2. A block that gets put back into mempool in favor of chain with more POW
  3. Stale blocks occur after a fork is resolved with a longer chain
  4. stale block occurring.
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(1) When two miners solve a block at the same time, being both valid, different nodes on the network will broadcast each or another they have contact first, making more than one version of the blockchain to be considered both valid temporarily
untill the next block is added to one of them, resulting in the other one (‘smaller’) being dropped, with the transactions it carries being returned to the mempool. So the chain continues linked to one of the two blocks, and the other is what is called stale or orphaned block - answering the question (2) and (3).

  1. Waiting for one - or ideally 6 confirmations - after a transaction is important to make sure it will not be part of a orphaned or stale block ahead, which would send the transaction back to the mempool and therefore meaning it was not finished - properly added to the blockchain as valid - yet.
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  1. The blockchain splits until another miner appends a block to one of the chains. This then becomes the longest chain.
  2. A block that has been dropped from the chain. The nonces and transactions are returned to the mempool.
  3. When two miners solve blocks at the same time, only one of the blocks will be accepted as continuation of the chain. The other block is considered “stale” and is removed.
  4. To make sure your transaction is not contained within a stale or orphaned block.
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Both blocks are completely valid. You get two different versions of truth.

A stale block is a block that is in a version of the blockchain that miners didn’t continue with. By now, there is a longer chain out there that miners are working on.

They occur when miners mine a new block more or less simultaneously and this is not immediately seen by all nodes. This can be caused by a lagging network.

Because if a block is stale, all the transactions will be returned to the mempool. Best practice is to wait for 6 new blocks.

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  1. All 2 miners have the block confirmed and start propagating it in the network.
  2. It means the expulsion of the block in which due to 2 blocks being created at the same time the next miners decide on which block to continue. The longest block will be taken into account while all other blocks that have been inserted since the deviation will be removed and the trx will return to the mempool.
  3. when at the exact same moment two miners solve the puzzle. (2 different truths occur in the blockchain).
  4. Precisely because of the fact that stale blocks can be created. In order to avoid this to a minimum, the blocks must always have as a reference the time of 10 minutes between one block and the next. So that the network has time to fully synchronise before the next block is released.
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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    Eventually, the one with the highest proof of work - usually the longest blocks after - wins and is accepted as the original version. Other on is dropped and transactions returned to the mempool.

  2. What is a stale block?
    The losing block - the block that was originally accepted but lost out to another block with a higher proof of work.

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    when two miners solve a block at the same time. Since only one block can be accepted as the original at a time, the other one iscalled a stale block.

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    Because the block that contains your transaction can turn out to be the stale block.

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  1. Each miner will have solved their own block with the nonce found by proof of work that solves their block. Here will be two perfectly valid resolved blocks to be added to the next block and consequently award the block reward to the responsible miner. Both blocks will be propagated by the network and the different miners will add the first one they receive to their copy of the blockchain, temporarily accepting that miner as the winner, accepting that they take the reward. Immediately afterwards, everyone will try to solve the next block. This means that during a small interval of time, there will be two different versions of the blockchain, both equally valid. Depending on different factors, such as the computational strength of the miners of each version or even luck, soon a next block will be discovered in one of the two versions before the other. When the longest version starts to spread through the network, the miners who had accepted the other version will have no choice but to discard the one they were working on since in Proof of Work, the longest blockchain always wins, (meaning longest to the one with the most accumulated computational work). When the rejected version of the blockchain is discarded, all those transactions included in this block are rejected (unless they have been in one of the following blocks already accepted) and will be returned to the mempool so that the miners take them into consideration again.

  2. Stale blocks are blocks that are no longer part of the current best blockchain because they were overridden by a longer chain.
    These are blocks that have been successfully mined, but are not active and therefore not included in the blockchain.

  3. When two blocks are mined more-or-less simultaneously.

  4. To ensure that the block will not be orphaned or stale.

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