1) What is the mempool?
Mempools contain unconfirmed transactions and fees. Each node has a mempool and each copy is much the same as the others although there might be small differences due to syncing.
2) What happens if the miners can’t keep up with the rate of the new transaction?
The mempool will grow larger and larger
3) How does a growing mempool effect transaction fees?
The transaction fees will increase to motivate miners to work harder and to involve more miners to clear the mempool faster.