1. What is the hashing algorithm called used in Bitcoin?
It’s called SHA-256. SHA means ‘Secure Hash Algorithm’ and 256 makes reference to the size the alphanumerical string will have in bits.
2. Why is this hashing algorithm really hard (almost impossible) to brute-force?
It’s almost impossible because the algorithm output cannot be reversed to get the original information. The hash is only solved in a linear, unidirectional manner.