Homework on Stale Blocks

Ans.1)
The paradox that exists when two blocks are solved at the exact same time is that both blocks are recognized and accepted by different nodes within the network and added to the chain. These two blocks are partitioned and added side by side on the blockchain. New blocks solved will be joined according to the Tx hash connections to the block that has a connecting relationship. The chain that becomes the longest remains whilst the orphaned blocks transactions return to the mempool once again as unconfirmed awaiting miner processing.
Ans.2)
A stale block is a block that has been surpassed by other blocks being added to the opposite partitioned blockchain which becomes the longest. The longest blockchain automatically becomes the chain that is fully accepted by the network nodes as the true chain of events and thus the orphaned block returns all its transactions to the mempool, as unconfirmed, for reprocessing by the miners to confirm and reblock those transactions.
Ans.3)
It is surpassed by its identical time-stamped pairing block but doesn’t receive a connecting block in time. As it is not a part of the longest chain of events it becomes a stale or orphaned block.
Ans.4)
If there are a large number of miners competing for block rewards, then duplicate block creation can occur, thus the secondary determinate needs to complete where the longest chain of the duplicated partition blocks wins and the transactions of the orphaned block return to the mempool for further processing. The rule of thumb is to wait for 6 transactions to be confirmed to determine your transaction is now a permanent record on the blockchain.

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    In the case that two miners solve two different valid blocks at the same time, they start to propagate two different valid versions of the blockchain through the entire network.

  2. What is a stale block?
    A stale block is a block that was at a certain point in time part of the blockchain.

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    Stale blocks occur when two miners solve a block at the same time and which makes 2 different blockchains in the network. Eventually one of the two blockchains will be longer than the other one and will win the race, this will lead to the other block to be dropped and that dropped block will be a stale block.

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    It is important for being sure that the block in which you have the transaction needed isn’t a stale block and won’t be dropped.

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1/ When two miners solve a block at the same time both blocks are valid and the next block could attach to either of the two blocks causing a temporary split in the chain. The chain on the rejected side of the split seizes to grow because it is the shorter chain and the tied block on the short side is dropped and returned to the mempool.
2/ A stale block is a confirmed block that returns to the mempool.
3/ Stale blocks occur when two miners confirm a trusted block at the same time, and the next miner selects one of the blocks to attach the next block, leaving the other block orphaned.
4/ 10 minutes is a feasible amount of time for a new block to propagate on all the nodes around the world, therefore minimizing the occurrence of stale blocks.

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Thanks Alko89 you are right. When stale block is dropped the 10 minute block time does not have consequences i.e. does not apply. A stale block occurs because it is discarded.

  1. When two miners solve a block at the same time, it results in two different versions of the truth which are propagated across the network. Other miners add blocks to the version of the blockchain they see and eventually the longest chain is selected by the network and the other versions of the truth/the other chains are discarded. The transactions from those blocks are sent to the memepool.

  2. A stale block is a block that was valid, that was once appended to the blockchain and being circulated by the nodes, however it was not part of the longest chain and hence it was discarded.

  3. Stale blocks occur when the network selects the longest chain and all of the other versions of the truth are discarded. All of those valid blocks in the shorter blockchains are discarded and their transactions are sent to the memepool.

  4. When sending or receiving a transaction, it is important to wait for more than one transaction to ensure that the block the transaction is in has been fully accepted by the network and will not be discarded. If the transaction block has been discarded it will take longer for the transaction to be added to the blockchain because it must go through the process again.

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  1. When two miners solve a block simultaneously, the block that gets linked first becomes part of the blockchain, and the other block is considered ā€œstaleā€ and the transactions within it go back to the mempool.
  2. ā€œStaleā€ blocks are blocks that have been overridden because they are not part of the longer blockchain.
  3. ā€œStaleā€ blocks occur when two miners solve for a block simultaneously then the next block is upended to only one of these making the other ā€œstaleā€ and its transactions go back to mempool.
  4. It’s important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed to ensure your transaction is accepted, has six validations, and doesn’t have to go back to mempool.
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But if two blocks are mined at approximately the same time 10 min rule wouldn’t have much influence on it. Why is it important to wait for 6 confirmations from the perspective of a user that is sending or receiving a tx? :wink:

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I see… 6 block confirmations would be enough for miners to determine for certain if the block your transaction is in will become a stale block.

That is true, but I don’t think miners would care much about your transaction :slight_smile: this information is more important to you if you are sending or receiving a transaction :slight_smile:

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  1. What will happen is that there will be two versions of the blockchain for the meanwhile, and then this two versions will compete with each other until such time that only one of them will be chosen, and the one that will be chosen is the one who has the longer chain. and then the transactions that were on the stale block that was dropped will go back to the mempool.

  2. A stale block is a block that has been on the blockchain for sometime and later on was removed, it is because another block that was produced at the same time was chosen to be the official block on the blockchain because it has the longer chain more pow compare to the orphaned/stale block that was removed.

  3. Stale blocks occur when a block was mined by two miners at the same time, and then later on only one of them will be accepted as the official block of the blockchain, the one who has a longer chain will remain and will be appended on the blockchain and the other block mined by the losing miner will become a stale block.

  4. It is important when you are sending or receiving a transaction, because if you don’t wait for 6 confirmations there is a chance that your transaction will go back to the mempool once it will be under a stale block.

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1- The blockchain with the longest blocks and higher pow will be accepted by the network the other block will be dropped and go back to the pool
2- It was a block that was on the blockchain but dropped because it was not on the longest chain.
3-When two chain occur at the same time only one can be accepted .
4 to make sure that the block is permanently accepted on the blockchain and wont drop later on.

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  1. The two will be propagated simultenious in the blockchain, but when there will be and other block added to the blochchain, it will need to choose one or the other, and afterwards the blockchain will choose the version of the blockchain with the greater PoW.

  2. A stale block is a block that as been cancelled due to the fact that it was in the version of the blockchain that as been discarded if favor of the other.

  3. It occurs when the version of the blochain that has the most PoW happend to not be the version that block pertains.

  4. It is important in order to be sure that the transaction happens to be written of the version of the blockchain that will be the one accepted.

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  1. both blocks will temporary accepted.
  2. it is a block witch was dropped out of the chain.
  3. when the system temporary accepts 2 blocks, then chain will continue with one of this block and second one will become a stale block
  4. if your transaction will be contained in stale block, than it will be dropped eventually and those transactions need to be mined again
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When different miners resolve a block they all get linked to the blockchain until PoW says which on belongs to the longest blockchain so the other ones are dropped and called Stale Block.
It is important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed to make sure is not getting drop.

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    If two miners solve a block at the same time, then the determination of which miner’s block (A or B) ultimately stays on the blockchain is determined by the node which produces the next block on the blockchain. If the prior block was produced by miner A, then miner A’s block stays on the blockchain and miner B’s block becomes an orphan block. And vice-versa if miner B’s block was the prior block.

  2. What is a stale block?
    A stale block is a block which ultimately does not stay on the blockchain because another node has produced a longer version of the blockchain, i.e. has mined the next block the fastest and used a prior block that was different than the stale block.

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    Stale blocks occur when two miners produce a new block at exactly the same moment of time. Only one of the two blocks will ultimately make it onto the blockchain. The block which doesn’t make it onto the blockchain becomes the stale block.

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    By waiting for multiple blocks to be confirmed, it increases the certainty that the block in question won’t ultimately be rejected by the network and become a stale block.

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  • What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    a fork is formed.

  • What is a stale block?
    a stale block is the orphaned block that was dropped

  • How do stale blocks occur?
    when two miners solve a block at the same time the one who builds the next block will win ,the (stale)shorter will be dropped

  • Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction?
    wait to determine which block will be the dominate one. because each block in the fork could contain some of the same transactions

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    A. A split or fork occurs and two chains are realized. The next miner who adds a block to
    whichever previous block, validates that chain as being legit. The other chain will be
    ignored and all transactions within will return to mempool.

  2. What is a stale block?
    A. A stale block is a block that was part of the blockchain at one time but got dropped
    because of another longer version of the blockchain is available.

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    A. Because of physical distance and possibly blocks being created too fast, two miners
    create a block at the same time. The one that eventually gets dropped is known as an
    orphaned or stale block.

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a
    transaction?
    A. Because best practice rules suggest waiting for 6 confirmations to avoid the possibility
    of your block being dropped containing your transaction. At such point your block should
    be appended to the blockchain and immutable.

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  1. What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
    This two blocks will be verify by the network, and the network will choose the block with the ā€œlongestā€ chain

  2. What is a stale block?
    A stale block is a block that was before in the chain but was rejected by the network

  3. How do stale blocks occur?
    A stale block occur when the network reject this block and bring them back to the MEMPOOL

  4. Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction

Is important because can be the case that your transaction was in the rejected block by the network

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What happens in the bitcoin network when two miners solve a block at the same time?
both valid blocks get propagted through the network and get added to the blockchain, creating two blockchians.
What is a stale block?
a stale block is a block filled with valid transactions that gets dropped becuase it was part of the shortest version of the blockchain
How do stale blocks occur?
Stale blocks happen when two miners find a target nonce and create valid blocks, these blocks are added to the blockchain creating two versions of the blockchian, eventually the shortest version gets dropped and all those stale blocks get dropped back into the mempool
Why is it important to wait for more than one block to be confirmed when sending or receiving a transaction? this way you gurantee yourself that your transactions wont be a part of a stale block

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  1. The longest chain wins and the other blocks are orphaned.

  2. The block with the shortest chain.

  3. Stale blocks occur when the other blocks have been confirmed.

  4. Once a transaction is approved then it gets confirmed. You have to wait for 6 confirmations.

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