What is the mempool?
A database of unconfirmed transactions waiting to be added into the next block. This database is stored by nodes and miners.
What happens if the miners can’t keep up with the rate of the new transaction?
Only the transactions with the highest fees will be included into the new block. Those with the lowest fees will have to wait until the next block.
How does a growing mempool effect transaction fees?
Transaction fees will be higher. Transactions with lower transaction fees can be left hanging, waiting to be included in a block for extended periods.