What is the mempool?
When a transaction is broadcast to the network, each node will, in turn, receive that transaction, and if all looks well, the transaction will then be added into the mempool (a place where all transactions go unconfirmed until they have been picked up by a miner to be added to the next block).
What happens if the miners can’t keep up with the rate of the new transaction?
If the miners can’t keep up with the new transaction rate, then the mempool will grow, resulting in greater transaction waiting times, particularly for those with lower fees attached to them.
How does a growing mempool effect transaction fees?
Transaction fees will become higher as the wait time increases. The miners will be incentivised to prioritise the transaction of those that offer a higher fee.