1. What is the mempool?
The mempool is a list of unconfirmed transactions that is held until it makes sense/validated to a particular node.
2. What happens if the miners can’t keep up with the rate of the new transaction?
If the miners cannot keep up with the rate of new transactions, the mempool is backlogged and the rate of transactions slow down. There will be a delay in UTXOs transactions and customers will have to wait in order send or receive funds.
3. How does a growing mempool effect transaction fees?
The growing mempool increases the transaction fees because miners pick and choose the transaction that will need less space/hard-drive storage and make them the most profit. If the transaction requires more hard-drive space, it will take up more space of the node’s limited block and thereby will require more satoshis per byte that the transaction takes.