1- The mempool is a datastructure that each node has, a list of unconfirmed transactions. The mempool can be different on different nodes as the node might not be aware of the other transaction yet. A miner with ask the nodes for transactions in their mempool and pick the transactions that have the higher fees. The miner will then append the block to the blockchain.
2- If the miner cannot keep up with the transaction rate, the mempool will grow in size. Transactions are removed from the mempool once added to a block.
3- A growing mempool will cause a rise in transaction fees as there will be more competition to create the next block. Since miners are financially incentivized and a block has a limited size, the miner will pick transactions that have higher fees to binary size. fees = sat/byte