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The ERC20 standard defines how we program tokens which run on the Ethereum blockchain. Having a standard like this demands all developers create tokens the same way allowing exchanges and wallets to support these tokens from day one.
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totalsupply function- Tells you how many tokens that are in circulation
balanceOf function- just gives you the total amount of tokens held at a single address.
transfer function- sends tokens from one address to another address
appove and transfer from functions- Allows the transfer to take place between both parties in the trade by giving permission to send and receive tokens between the two addesses.
allowance function- provides the number of tokens allowed to be sent between the two token addresses.
A contract using the allowance function must consider the amount of tokens available in the holders address before processing the transaction i.e. are there enough tokens available to fulfil the contact.