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Benefits of having a standard like ERC 20 are: Increase of efficiency- all wallets, exchanges, platforms can add the token very easily. Also it is easy to read. Programmers don´t have to learn/program every token from scratch, with a standard you just have to change a few lines.
- balanceOf() --> gives back the balance of a specific address
- transfer() --> transfer tokens from the sender address to another address
- allowance() --> shows how many tokens are allowed to be transfered
- doSomething() --> instruction
- approve() --> part of a 2step transfer: authorizes to transfer an amount of tokes to another
given address