Aztec - Reading Assignment

Privacy Coins - Ultimate Course
#101
  1. High gas cost due to RPs, slow RP generation and lack of interoperability between assets.
  2. Notes form the crux of TXNs in Aztec. They are made up of the amount of the asset being transacted (owned by a user in a note registry). Pretty much the equivalent of UTXOs in other cryptocurrencies.
  3. To delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contract and to process state update instructions inside the note registries.
  4. Inputs and outputs.
  5. Stealth addresses, hidden TXN graphs and a trusted party (unfortunately) to relay transactions.
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#102

The validation of traditional Zero-knowledge systems on Ethereum is unworkable. This is due to a combination of on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and a lack of interoperability between assets.

AZTEC follows a UTXO model similar to that of Bitcoin. The core of any AZTEC transaction is a Note. The state of notes are managed by a Note Registry for any given asset.

The user’s balance of any AZTEC asset is made up of the sum of all of the valid notes their address owns in a given Note Registry .

ACE has two primary functions; first to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and secondly to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

he inputs and outputs of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view.

Combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity. Using a trusted third party hides the payment of gas and provides full anonymity.

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#103
  1. Why are traditional zkp systems unworkable on Ethereum?

Due to a combination of on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and a lack of interoperability between assets

  1. What is a ‘Note’ and why is it necessary?

A note istThe user’s balance of any AZTEC asset is made up of the sum of all of the valid notes their address owns. It is the core of AZTEEC and therefore necessary.

  1. What are the two functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine?

First to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and secondly to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

  1. What piece(s) of information are shielded on Aztec ‘out-of-the-box’?

The inputs and outputs of any transaction.

  1. How does Aztec plan to shield the remaining pieces of information?

By combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity.

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#104

1.) on-chain verification gas cost, slow proof construction, lack of interoperability
2.) Similar to UTXO, represent amount of the currency owned. user balance = sum of all Notes
3.) -delegate the validation of Proofs to validation contracts
-process state update Instructions inside note registries
4.) inpouts, outputs and value
5.) By allowing the relay of transactions while obscuring the payment of Gas in a decentralized manner

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#105
  1. high gas costs and slow proof construction limit the workability of zkp systems.
  2. Notes are AZTEC’s equivalent of ERC tokens. They are managed by a Note Registry.
  3. A: Delegate validation of proofs to specific contracts and B: Process state update instructions inside note registries.
  4. inputs and outputs.
  5. Anonymity can be achieved by using stealth addresses and a trusted 3rd party to relay transactions.
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#106

Why are traditional zkp systems unworkable on Ethereum?

Because of many reasons: on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and a lack of interoperability between assets.

What is a ‘Note’ and why is it necessary?

Aztec uses UTXO model, where the user’s balance is made up of the sums of all valid notes their address owns in a given Note Registry.

What are the two functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine?

Functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine:

  • delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts
  • process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs

What piece(s) of information are shielded on Aztec ‘out-of-the-box’?

The inputs and outputs of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view.

How does Aztec plan to shield the remaining pieces of information?

Combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity. Using a trusted third party hides the payment of gas and provides full anonymity.

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#107
  1. Because of the on chain verification gas cost that fluctuate and can reach higher prices than the value of the tx itself and the slow proof construction
  2. Represents the amount of an Aztec asset owned by a specific note registry, meaning is the core of an Aztec tx
  3. The validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and then to process state update instructions inside note registries that come from the successful validated proofs
  4. The inputs and output of a tx
  5. By combining stealth address technology, hidden tx graphs and trusted parties to relay tx
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#108

1, on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and a lack of interoperability between assets

  1. notes are a proof of balance determining how many of aztec assets you own. they are neccisarry because you cannot run dapps with UTXO’s

  2. delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and secondly to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

  3. The inputs and outputs of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view.

  4. with the use of stealth addresses.

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#109

  1. This is due to a combination of on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and a lack of interoperability between assets.

  2. The core of any AZTEC transaction is a Note. It is necessary because it allows the interoperability between dApps in zk.

  3. First to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and secondly to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

  4. AZTEC enables confidential transactions out of the box. The inputs and outputs of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view.

  5. Combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity. Using a trusted third party hides the payment of gas and provides full anonymity

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#110
  1. The validation of traditional ZK systems on Ethereum is unworkable due to:
  • on-chain verification gas costs (one of the largest costs is the range proof - prevent double spend attacks),
  • slow/the inability for proof construction (to run on a clients browser make these systems unsuitable for use in real world financial applications),
  • a lack of interoperability between assets.

  1. AZTEC follows a UTXO model similar to that of Bitcoin. The core of any AZTEC transaction is a Note. The state of notes are managed by a Note Registry for any given asset.
    The user’s balance of any AZTEC asset is made up of the sum of all of the valid notes their address owns in a given Note Registry.

  2. The two functions of the ACE = Aztec Cryptography Engine - to achieve interoperability:

  • delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts,
  • process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs

  1. Piece(s) of information are shielded on Aztec ‘out-of-the-box’ are the inputs and outputs (of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view).

  2. Aztec plan to shield the remaining pieces of information using stealth addresses and as AZTEC does not mandate the transaction sender to be a party in the transaction, the transaction graph can be hidden. Combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity. Using a trusted third party hides the payment of gas and provides full anonymity.

1 Like
#111

  1. This is due to a combination of on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and a lack of interoperability between assets. The lack of interoperability and inability for proof construction to run on a clients browser make these systems unsuitable for use in real world financial applications.

  2. The core of any AZTEC transaction is a Note. - basically it is a UTXO which we know used to track spending/receiving of a certain asset.

    1. to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts
    2. to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs

  4. AZTEC enables confidential transactions out of the box . The inputs and outputs of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view.

  5. The protocol is forward compatible stealth addresses and as AZTEC does not mandate the transaction sender to be a party in the transaction, the transaction graph can be hidden. Combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity. Using a trusted third party hides the payment of gas and provides full anonymity. Future updates to the protocol will allow the relay of transactions whilst obscuring the payment of gas in a decentralised manor.

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#112
  1. Due to Ethereum’s high gas costs for on-chain verification, slow proving construction, and lack of interoperability between assets, traditional zkp systems are unworkable on Ethereum.

2, A ‘Note’ is the core of any AZTEC transaction. They are set up to help dApp builders to build private dApp and potentially without the need for cryptographer.

  1. The first function is to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts; the second function is to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

  2. The inputs and outputs of any transactions are encrypted and the value hidden from public view.

  3. Aztec plans to using trusted party to further shield the gas payment info while relaying transactions.

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#113

  1. Due to : - on chain verification gas costs
    - slow protocol constructions
    - a lack of interoperability between assets

  2. They represent the amount of an Aztec asset. The core of any Aztec transaction is a note. The user’s balance is made up of all the valid notes they own in a note registry.

  3. A) to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts
    B) to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validation proofs.

    • Inputs and outputs are represented as encrypted numbers.
    • the value is hidden from the public view

  5. Using a trusted 3rd party and stealth addresses. Future updates to the protocol will allow the relay of transactions while obscuring the payment of gas in a decentralised manner.

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#114

1.) Traditional zkp systems are unworkable on Ethereum because there of high on-chain verification gas costs, low proof of construction, and lack of interoperability between assets. This lack of interoperability and inability for proof of construction makes zkp systems unsuitable for use in real world applications.
2.) A “Note” is the core of any AZTEC transaction, which is contains all valid UTXO’s associated with a user’s AZTEC address.
3.) The two functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine, or ACE, is to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from these successful validated proofs.
4.) The pieces of information shielded on Aztec “out-of-the-box” are inputs and outputs of any transaction, which are encrypted. In addition, transaction graphs are hidden with the combination of stealth addresses and a trusted third party that relays these transactions (which hides gas payments as well).
5.) Aztec plans to shield the remaining pieces of information by hiding transaction graphs through a combination of stealth addresses and a trusted third-party relay. Also, Aztec aims to be a confidential asset with the connection to Ethereum’s EIP1724 implementation (making dApps more confidential and providing a private interface to any asset using the UTXO base model).

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#115

:one: Why are traditional zkp systems unworkable on Ethereum?

Traditional zero-knowledge proofs on Ethereum are very expensive and slow, due to the on-chain verification checks, and sluggish proof construction.
There’s also the issue of lacking interoperability between assets.

:two: What is a ‘Note’ and why is it necessary?

A Note is an AZTEC transaction, which follows a UTXO model.
These notes are managed by a ‘Note Registry’ for every asset.
Then the user has access to these notes, which the sum of makes up their address within the Note registry.

:three: What are the two functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine?

The ACE has 2 primary functions:

  1. To delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts, and
  2. To process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

:four: What piece(s) of information are shielded on Aztec ‘out-of-the-box’?

Aztec enables for confidential transactions, where the inputs and outputs are represented as encrypted numbers - and are stored within the smart contract and hidden from the public.

:five: How does Aztec plan to shield the remaining pieces of information?

Aztec looks to combine stealth addresses and trusted relayers to achieve better anonymity, including hiding the payment of gas fees.

2 Likes
#116

  1. Why are traditional zkp systems unworkable on Ethereum ? : The validation of Zero-knowledge systems on Ethereum is unworkable. Due to a combination of on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and the lack of interoperability.

  2. What is a ‘Note’ and why is it necessary ? : AZTEC follows a UTXO model similar to that of Bitcoin. The core of any AZTEC transaction is a Note. The state of notes are managed by a Note Registry for any given asset.
    The user’s balance of any AZTEC asset is made up of the sum of all of the valid notes their address owns in a given Note Registry.

  3. What are the two functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine ? :first to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and secondly to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

  4. What piece(s) of information are shielded on Aztec ‘out-of-the-box’? : The inputs and outputs of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view. This concept is known as homomorphic encryption allowing logical checks to be carried out on encrypted numbers as if they had not been encrypted. The same checks can be performed in a public transaction but without ever revealing the underlying values of the encrypted numbers.

  5. How does Aztec plan to shield the remaining pieces of information ? : Aztec plans to shield the remaining pieces of information by hiding transaction graphs through a combination of stealth addresses and a trusted third-party relay.
    The protocol is forward compatible stealth addresses and as AZTEC does not mandate the transaction sender to be a party in the transaction, the transaction graph can be hidden. Combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity. Using a trusted third party hides the payment of gas and provides full anonymity. Future updates to the protocol will allow the relay of transactions whilst obscuring the payment of gas in a decentralized manor. At that point fully private transactions will be possible.

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#117

  1. Traditional zkp systems are unworkable on Ethereum because they are resource-intensive and require a large amount of computational power to operate. This makes them impractical for use on Ethereum’s decentralized network, where resources are limited and processing power is distributed among many different nodes.

  2. A ‘Note’ in the context of Aztec is a cryptographic object that represents a certain amount of value on the blockchain. It is necessary because it allows for the creation of confidential transactions that can obscure the amount of value being transferred.

  3. The two functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine are to enable the creation of confidential transactions and to verify the correctness of these transactions.

  4. On Aztec, the amount of value being transferred in a transaction is shielded “out-of-the-box,” meaning that it is automatically obscured from public view. The identities of the parties involved in the transaction are not shielded by default.

  5. Aztec plans to shield the remaining pieces of information, such as the identities of the parties involved in a transaction, by implementing additional privacy protocols, such as zero-knowledge proofs or ring signatures. These protocols will allow for the creation of more advanced confidential transactions that can obscure more pieces of information from public view.

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#118

1-From AZTEC’s team perspective, ZK proof wouldn’t work on Ethereum due to verification gas costs, slow construction of proofs, and lack of interoperability btw assets (which…is questionable).
2- Not quite sure actually…description was a little vague, and others tend to be too technicall to fully grasp by now. Understanding the combination of the other features gives more of an idea untill I properly research better sources.
3- AZTEC Cryptography Engine (ACE) has 2 main functions: delegate the proofs validation to specific contracts built for this, and to process state update instructions inside the note registries if proof validation is successful.
4- They claim all transaction info is hidden (to be verified/tested, but right in the next line it contradicts itself since sender and receiver stays public info; then they go to say the Inputs and outputs actually are publicly visible, but the transaction graph is obscured from one transaction to another.I mean…???
But to answer ACCORDINGLY TO WHAT THEY CLAIM (take with a big grain of salt), the actual tx numbers are cryptographically obscured.
5- They plan protocol upgrades to relay transactions hidding gas costs ‘in a descentralized manner’ (which Aztec actually…isn’t.But here it is).

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#119

  1. Why are traditional zkp systems unworkable on Ethereum?
    This is due to a combination of on-chain verification gas costs, slow proof construction, and a lack of interoperability between assets. The lack of interoperability and inability for proof construction to run on a clients browser make these systems unsuitable for use in real world financial applications.

  2. What is a ‘Note’ and why is it necessary?
    AZTEC follows a UTXO model similar to Bitcoin. The core of any AZTEC transaction is a Note. The state of notes are managed by a Note Registry for any given asset.

  3. What are the two functions of the Aztec Cryptography Engine?
    The AZTEC Cryptography Engine or ACE has two primary functions; first to delegate the validation of proofs to specific validation contracts and secondly to process state update instructions inside note registries that result from the successful validated proofs.

  4. What piece(s) of information are shielded on Aztec ‘out-of-the-box’?
    The inputs and outputs of any transactions are represented as encrypted numbers and the value hidden from public view.

  5. How does Aztec plan to shield the remaining pieces of information?
    Combining stealth addresses and a trusted party to relay transactions achieves full anonymity. Using a trusted third party hides the payment of gas and provides full anonymity. Future updates to the protocol will allow the relay of transactions whilst obscuring the payment of gas in a decentralized manor. At that point fully private transactions will be possible.